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How does a random quality inspection work? [infographic]

How does a random quality inspection work? [infographic]On the last trade show I attended, I noticed that I explained over and over again how we perform random quality inspections. There must be a better way to pass this message.

A graphic designer helped me render it visually, and here is the result:

Random quality inspection

To go further:

  • lots of great information about inspections on this page about QC basics.
  • Understanding what  “AQL” (Acceptance Quality Limit) means in simple terms here.

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TRANSCRIPT:

FINAL RANDOM INSPECTIONS – How is quality controlled before shipment?

Most consumer goods exported from low-cost Asia to Europe and the USA are inspected randomly. For example, for an order of 8,000 pieces, only 200 samples are selected for inspection. How can an inspector draw valid conclusions after checking some pieces at random?

Here is how it works.

1. COMMUNICATION OF REQUIREMENTS

The purchaser describes his product: specifications, dimensions, labeling, packaging… The more precise the information, the more you take advantage of the inspection. If possible, an approved sample can be sent for the inspector’s reference.

2. AN INSPECTOR GOES TO THE FACTORY

When? After all production is finished and packed, and about 2 days before the goods leave the factory.

(In most cases, one inspector is enough)

3. QUANTITY VERIFICATION

The cartons are counted, to check if the whole quantity is presented. Then the inspector randomly selects a few cartons, opens them, and checks their content.

4. RANDOM SELECTION OF SAMPLES

Some samples are taken from each of these cartons, totally randomly. The inspector follows industry-standard statistical rules to ensure his findings are valid.

5. COSMETIC AND WORKMANSHIP CHECK

These samples are checked thoroughly for visual defects. A defect is an imperfection on the product (or its packaging). The statistical rules provide a maximum number for each type of defect. If there are too many defects, the inspection is failed.

6. CONFORMITY VERIFICATION

The inspector also checks if the goods presented by the factory correspond to the purchaser’s requirements. For example, the products might be too small, in the wrong color, incorrectly labeled, or insufficiently protected.

7. TESTING IN THE FACTORY

The inspector performs some tests that are specific to the product, with the factory’s equipment. Tests vary according to the nature of the products. A few examples: checking if there is current leakage on an electrical device; checking if a piece of furniture falls over easily; checking if the export carton is strong enough.

8. REPORT PREPARATION

The inspector issues a report that describes the situation and illustrates it with photos. It documents his findings about presented quantity, visual defects, conformity to requirements, and on-site tests.

“Here is my report. You have the info you need to take a decision(accept or refuse the shipment).”

Comments

  4. Renaud Anjoran says

    Abraham,
    It really depends on the organization of the factory:
    – Cheap factories that don’t really care about quality: pretty low ratio.
    – Better factories that do a lot of QC: higher ratio.
    – Best factories that “build quality into the processes” and eliminate most after-the-fact QC this way: low ratio (but, for apparel, this category is less than 1% of the industry).

  5. shipon hossain says

    Dear sir / madam

    I want to know about AQL like if we are inspection any garments product normally buyer want AQL 2.5 , label 2 but when we inspected the goods with major 2.5 and minor 4 ????? why hear minor 4 ??????

    another if inspection AQL is 1.5 label 2 . i know hear is major 1.5 but minor ??? do you have any rulls for this???

    Thanks
    shipon

  6. Renaud Anjoran says

    Hi Shipon,
    I guess you mean “level II”, not “label 2”.
    There is a limit for major defects AND for minor defects.
    There are no rules–it is chosen by the buyer. It might be 2.5% for major defects and 4.0% for minor defects. Or 1.5% for major defects and 4.0% for minor defects. Or 1.5% for major defects and 2.5% for minor defects. Etc.
    For more info about these concepts: see part 2 of this page: http://www.qualityinspection.org/quality-control-basics/

  8. Renaud Anjoran says

    Shipon,
    There is no universal tolerance… It has to be set by the quality manager of the purchasing company…

  9. Dinesh Chandra says

    Dear Renaud Anjoran,

    What is the carton selection ratio, if total 500 cartons for shipment, then how many cartons we will selected for sampling.

  10. Renaud Anjoran says

    Dinesh,
    In this case, select 23 cartons. It’s square root of 500, rounded up.

  11. yani says

    Dear Renaud Anjoran,

    If you take AQL table for 13 pcs sample (2.5 / 4.0) , you see that there is no number of max defects indicated under 2.5 and the arrow directs you to the wider sample size of 20 pcs. Therefore the sample size becomes 20 pcs and only 13 are to be considered for the judgement of minor defects.

    Can you explain what is that mean?

    Thanks.

  13. Renaud Anjoran says

    Yani,
    I means you should check 20 samples for major defects and 13 samples for minor defects. 7 samples are checked only for major defects (you don’t count minor defects found on these samples).

  14. SAGAR WAGH says

    Dear Sir / Madam,
    I want to define the QUANTITY RATIO for inward material inspection. We purchase some accessories with qty. more than 500 nos. so we want a chart for sample inspection.

  19. gopinathan says

    really ds information is so useful, is thr any quality based job vacancy means call me sir- my mble no:+91 9791660608

  21. Luli says

    Dear mr/s,

    lm looking forward to do an agreement with L/C payment and to put FRI report as condition in L/C. My question is if the FRI shows that the order is 80% ok but there are some defects,wich will be the result passed or not passed. What is the condition to pass or not pass the FRI?

    Thank you!

    • Renaud Anjoran says

      The conditions to pass or fail, in the end, are entirely up to you. The inspection agency will give you a result, but you can instruct them to issue a passed certificate even if their report was failed. I would advise you to communicate with the inspection agency about the terms to include in the L/C before you open the L/C. Contact me at ra(at)sofeast.com if you want.

  22. Hamka says

    Good day sir..im new in quality department..i would like to know how to determine the product to inspect is what level and code letter..thankyou soo much sir,,